HOMEWORK
A. Categorías lexicales y uso del diccionario. 1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu área de interés. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces, agrega las abreviaciones.
2. Idea principal del texto (en español)
3. Categorías lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoráa)
•Palabras de contenido:
•Palabras de Función:
•Verbos:
•Adverbio:
•Adjetivo:
•Artículo:
•Preposiciones:
•Conjunción:
•Cognados verdaderos:
•Cognados Falsos:
•Sufijos:
•Prefijos:
B. Estructura de la oración: (2 ejemplos)
Frase nominal
1.- Núcleo de la frase nominal
2.- Pre modificadores- post modificadores
Frase verbal
1.Núcleo de la frase verbal
2.Tiempo verbal
4. Reflexión Final del curso
Development.
Classification of the Leukemia
Leukemia is clinically and pathologically subdivided into a variety of large groups. The first division is between its acute and chronic forms:
Acute leukemia is characterized by the rapid increase of immature blood cells. This crowding makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. Acute forms of leukemia are the most common forms of leukemia in children.
Chronic leukemia is distinguished by the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells. Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group.
Additionally, the diseases are subdivided according to which kind of blood cell is affected. This split divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid or myelogenous leukemias:
In lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias, the cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form lymphocytes, which are infection-fighting immune system cells. Most lymphocytic leukemias involve a specific subtype of lymphocyte, the B cell.
In myeloid or myelogenous leukemias, the cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form red blood cells, some other types of white cells, and platelets.
Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories. Within these main categories, there are typically several subcategories. Finally, hairy cell leukemia and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia are usually considered to be outside of this classification scheme.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also affects adults, especially those age 65 and older. Standard treatments involve chemotherapy and radiation. The survival rates vary by age: 85% in children and 50% in adults. Subtypes include precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt's leukemia, and acute biphenotypic leukemia.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. Two-thirds of affected people are men. The five-year survival rate is 75%. It is incurable, but there are many effective treatments. One subtype is B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a more aggressive disease.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurs more commonly in adults than in children, and more commonly in men than women. AML is treated with chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate is 40%. Subtypes of AML include acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults. A very small number of children also develop this disease. Treatment is with imatinib (Gleevec) or other drugs. The five-year survival rate is 90%.One subtype is chronic monocytic leukemia.
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is sometimes considered a subset of CLL, but does not fit neatly into this pattern. About 80% of affected people are adult men. There are no reported cases in young children. HCL is incurable, but easily treatable. Survival is 96% to 100% at ten years.
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a very rare and aggressive leukemia affecting adults; somewhat more men than women are diagnosed with this disease. Despite its overall rarity, it is also the most common type of mature T cell leukemia; nearly all other leukemias involve B cells. It is difficult to treat, and the median survival is measured in months.
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia may involve either T-cells or NK cells; like hairy cell leukemia, which involves solely B cells, it is a rare and indolent (not aggressive) leukemia.
Adult T-cell leukemia is caused by human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), a virus similar to HIV. Like HIV, HTLV infects CD4+ T-cells and replicates within them; however, unlike HIV, it does not destroy them. Instead, HTLV "immortalizes" the infected T-cells, giving them the ability to proliferate abnormally.
1.- * Seleccionar del texto tres (3) palabras no conocidas:
a.- Crowding: aglomeración (vit).
b.- Spill: desbordar (vit). / spill over: desvordarse (vit + adv).
c.- Hairy: peludo, velludo (adj).
2.- Idea principal del texto:
La Leucemia clínica y patologicamente se divide dentro de la variedad en un gran grupo. La primera división está entre las formas agudas y crónicas.
Dentro de las agudas se encuentran: Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA), Leucemia Mieloide Aguda (LMA), Leucemia Promielocítica con precursores de célulasT.
En las crónicas se ubican la Leucemia Linfoblástica Crónica y Leucemia Mieloide Crónica.
3.- Categorías lexicales.
•Palabras de contenido: Acute leukemia, blood.
•Palabras de Función: and, in.•Verbos: is, are, giving.
•Adverbios: clinically, pathologically.
•Adjetivos: chronic, acute.
•Artículos: a, the.
•Preposiciones: by, into.
•Conjunciones: but, and.
•Cognados verdaderos: Leukemia,adults.
•Cognados Falsos: larged, pattern.
•Sufijos: commonly, relatively.
•Prefijos: characterized, according.
B. Estructura de la oración: (2 ejemplos).
a.- Leukemia is clinically and pathologically subdivided into a variety of large groups
Frase nominal: Leukemia.
1.- Núcleo de la frase nominal: Leukemia.
2.- Pre modificadores- post modificadores (la oración no los tiene).
Frase verbal: is clinically and pathologically subdivided into a variety of large groups.
1.-Núcleo de la frase verbal: is / subdivided.
2.Tiempo verbal: voz pasiva en presente.
b.- The first division is between its acute and chronic forms.
Frase nominal: The first division.
1.- Núcleo de la frase nominal: division.
2.- Pre modificadores: the first.
Frase verbal: is between its acute and chronic forms.
1.-Núcleo de la frase verbal: is.
2.Tiempo verbal: presente.
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario